Burns can range from minor to life-threatening. First aid depends on the severity of the burn, but the goal is always to stop the burning process, cool the injury, relieve pain, and prevent infection or shock.
Step 1: Ensure Safety
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Remove the person from the source of the burn (fire, hot liquid, electricity, chemicals).
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Do not put yourself at risk.
Step 2: Assess the Burn
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First-degree (superficial): Red, painful, no blisters (like mild sunburn).
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Second-degree (partial-thickness): Red, blistered, very painful.
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Third-degree (full-thickness): Charred, white, or leathery skin; may be painless due to nerve damage.
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Burns to the face, hands, feet, genitals, major joints, or large areas are considered serious.
Step 3: Cool the Burn
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For minor and moderate burns:
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Run cool (not ice-cold) water over the area for at least 10–20 minutes.
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If water is not available, use a cool compress.
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Do not use ice or very cold water, as this can damage tissue.
Step 4: Remove Constrictions
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Gently remove rings, watches, belts, or tight clothing before swelling begins.
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Do not peel away clothing stuck to the burn—cut around it instead.
Step 5: Protect the Burn
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Cover with a sterile, non-fluffy dressing or a clean plastic wrap (cling film).
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Do not apply butter, oils, toothpaste, or creams—they trap heat and can cause infection.
Step 6: Relieve Pain
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If conscious and able to swallow, give an over-the-counter pain reliever:
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Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
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Ibuprofen
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Follow dosing instructions on the package.
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Step 7: Watch for Shock
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Lay the person down if possible.
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Cover with a clean sheet or blanket to keep warm (avoid covering the burn itself too tightly).
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Look for pale, clammy skin, weakness, rapid pulse, or fainting.
Step 8: Seek Emergency Help Immediately if:
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The burn is larger than the size of the victim’s palm.
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The burn is deep, charred, or painless.
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It involves the face, airway, hands, feet, genitals, or major joints.
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It results from chemicals, electricity, or explosion.
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The person shows signs of difficulty breathing or shock.
Do Not
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Do not pop blisters.
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Do not apply adhesive dressings directly to the burn.
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Do not immerse large severe burns in water (risk of hypothermia).
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