Toothache

Overview
Toothache refers to pain in or around a tooth, usually caused by irritation or damage to the tooth’s nerve (pulp). The pain may be sharp, throbbing, or constant and can worsen when chewing, drinking hot/cold liquids, or lying down. It can range from mild discomfort to severe, debilitating pain.

Causes

• Dental decay (cavities): Breakdown of tooth enamel and dentin by bacteria.

• Dental abscess: Infection at the root of a tooth or between the tooth and gum.

• Gum disease (gingivitis, periodontitis): Infection or inflammation of the gums leading to tooth pain.

• Tooth fracture or trauma: Cracks or breaks exposing the inner structures.

• Worn fillings, crowns, or dental work: Can expose sensitive areas.

• Impacted teeth (especially wisdom teeth): Pain from pressure or infection.

• Bruxism (teeth grinding): Causes tooth wear, cracks, and jaw pain.

• Sinus infection: Sometimes causes referred pain to the upper teeth.

Symptoms

• Sharp, throbbing, or constant tooth pain.

• Sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks.

• Swelling of the gums around the affected tooth.

• Redness or pus discharge if infection is present.

• Headache or fever with severe infection.

• Pain when biting down or chewing.

When to Seek Medical or Dental Help

• Severe tooth pain lasting longer than 1–2 days.

• Swelling of the face, jaw, or gums.

• Fever or signs of spreading infection.

• Difficulty breathing or swallowing (emergency).

• Pain following trauma to the teeth or jaw.

Treatment

• Pain relief (short-term):

  • Paracetamol or ibuprofen (if suitable) for pain management.

  • Avoid extremely hot, cold, or sweet foods.

  • Rinsing mouth with warm salt water to reduce irritation.

  • Applying a cold compress to the cheek if swelling is present.

• Dental treatment (long-term solution):

  • Fillings: For cavities.

  • Root canal treatment: For infected tooth pulp.

  • Extraction: For severely damaged or impacted teeth.

  • Antibiotics: If an infection has spread beyond the tooth (prescribed by a dentist or doctor).

  • Treatment for gum disease: Scaling, root planing, or surgery.

Prevention

• Brush teeth at least twice daily with fluoride toothpaste.

• Floss daily to remove food particles and plaque.

• Limit sugary and acidic foods and drinks.

• Visit the dentist regularly (every 6–12 months).

• Wear a mouthguard if grinding teeth at night.